neither 用法1:
問:Neither of the alternatives that had been outlined at the last meeting were acceptable to the executive committee. (《碩士研究生英語入學考試複習與指導》,北京航空航太大學出版社,p.15)
該題要求將were改為was。但是我卻經常讀到動詞用複數的句子:
如何解釋這兩種不同的neither 用法。
答:到目前為止,語言學家們仍然認為,在正式用法中,動詞與neither 連用時只能使用單數。這一點尤其為各類考題的命題者們所堅持。例如:
“Did Jack and Tom understand her?” “No. _______ of them is bright”
A. Not either
B. Not one
C. Neither
D. No one
但是,CGEL 編著者們指出,當neither 後面跟有複數意義的詞語時,因概念一致原則和就近原則的影響,在非正式用法中,有時也會出現複數動詞:
- Neither of them are welcome. (非正式用法) 他們倆都不受歡迎。
- John and Mary will have to walk. Neither of them have brought their cars. 約翰和瑪麗將不得不步行,他們倆誰也沒把車開來。
- Neither of my sisters are very tidy. 我的兩個妹妹都不太愛整潔。
- Neither of the books are/is very interesting. 這兩本書沒有一本有趣。
neither 用法2(neither/either):
問: He cannot speak, neither can he hear. 能否說成He… and he cannot hear either.
答:這兩種說法的意思是一樣的。但前一種句型為書面語體,帶有文縐縐的味道(注意:主詞與動詞要部分倒裝),後一種句型則為口語體。
- He did not go, neither did she. / He didn’t go, and she didn’t go either. 他沒去,她也沒去。
- I have not asked for help, neither do I desire it. / I have not asked for help, and I do not desire it either. 我沒有請求幫助,我也不想請求幫助。
neither 用法3(neither/none)
neither 用法4(neither/nor do I):
問: A: I don’t like it.
B: Neither do I.
請問句中的neither 可否改用Nor.
答:許多語言學家指出,在這種句型中neither 用法和nor 是完全可以互換的。但有的語言學家指出,neither 用法在正式語體中更加普通,而nor 在口語語體中更加普通。請分析下面的例句:
- I didn’t mean what I said, you know. – Neither did I. 你知道,我的意思並不是我說的那樣。– 我也不是。
- “I can’t swim!” “Neither can I!” “我不會游泳!”“我也不會!”
- The unions do not want a strike, and neither does the management. 工會不想舉行罷工,資方也是如此。
- “He didn’t like the play.” “Nor did we.” “他不喜歡這部劇。”“我們也不喜歡。”
- He never went to school, nor did he go to church. 他從沒上過學,也從沒去過教堂做禮拜。
- The corn isn’t ripening, and neither/nor are the apples (ripening). 玉米尚未成熟,蘋果也沒成熟。
neither 用法5(neither…nor…is/are):
問: Neither Jone nor her brothers _______ a consent form for tomorrow’s field trip.
A. need
B. needs
C. is needing
D. has need
請問答案(A) 與(B) 哪一個正確?
答:應牢記:在使用並列連接詞or,either…or 和neither…nor 來連接主詞時,必須根據就近原則(即根據最靠近動詞的詞語) 來確定動詞的人稱。
- Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer. 無論是你,是我,還是其他任何人都不知道答案。
- Neither you nor he is to blame. 你和他都沒有過錯。
- Either Tim or his brothers have to shovel the snow. 蒂姆不去鏟雪,他的兄弟們就得去鏟雪。
這是託福等考題經常考核的內容:
- Neither tears nor protest effect their parents’ decision.
- Neither you nor he are to blame.
- Neither the teacher nor the students were introduced to his dean. (攻讀碩士學位研究生入學考試英語試題,82 A)
這裡應當指出,在非正式用法中,有時也能見到動詞一律使用複數的情況。這種用法已得到英語文法學家們的普遍認可:
- Neither he nor his wife have arrived. 無論是他還是他的妻子都還沒有到達。
- Neither painting nor fighting feed men. 既不是繪畫也不是戰鬥哺育男人。
- Neither James nor Virginia were at home. 詹姆斯和維吉尼亞都沒有在家。
neither 用法6(neither…nor…is/are續):
問: 1985 年攻讀碩士研究生入學考試英語試題中有這樣一道改錯題:Neither his training nor his experience as a railway engineer qualify him for his job.
答案為將qualify 改為qualifies) 。但我認為在neither…nor…之後用動詞複數qualify 也是正確的。請看下面的實例:
- Neither my father nor I were there that day.(《新編英語文法》(下),p.791) 我父親和我那天都不在哪兒。
- Neither her nor his wife have the faintest idea of what lies beyond it. (同上) 他和他妻子對此外的事情所知甚少。
答:見neither用法5。