Since 用法1:
問:I’m feeling much better since I had operation. 自從動了手術我現在感到好多了.
《明英語文法和用法指南》說:“切記:since出現時,主要子句動詞必須用完成式。”但是,上面since 用法的主要子句卻用了現在進行式,這算不算文法錯誤?
答:你所提到的這個英語文法規則是有某些例外的。上面since 用法的句子便屬於例外情況之一。語言學家們對於上面的例外情況是有明確的解釋的:當主要子句指的是某種習慣(habitual reference)時,主要子句中的動詞就可以使用一般現在式或現在進行式:
- (Ever) since we bought that car we go camping every weekend. 自從我們買了那輛汽車以來,我們每個周末都去露營。
- I’m doing well since I invested in the money market. 自從我在金融市場投資以來一直都很順利。
(参見 since 用法13)
Since 用法2:
問:根據有關since 用法的英語文法規定,含有 since片語的句子或含有 since子句的主要子句必須使用完成式,但是下面的主要子句卻使用了一般現在式。這是怎麼回事呢?
My life is entirely different since my divorce.
答:按照英語文法的一般規則,在含有表時間的 since子句和since介係詞片語的句子裡,其主要子句通常使用完成式。但是,since 用法在這條規則有某些例外。例如,當主要子句中含有靜態意義的動詞,特别是含有動詞be和seem時,就可以使用非完成式的形式,當be或seem的述語(主詞補語)是個表時間的詞語(ten weeks, two years)時尤其如此:
- Things are different since you have gone. 自從你走以後情況變了。
- It seems a long time since we last met. 自從我們上次見過面以來似乎過了很長時間。
- It’s some considerable time since I have spoken to you on these matters. 自從我和你談過這些事以來已經有相當長的時間了。
- It’s a long time since I met you last. 我們已經分别很久了。
當然,在上述since 用法情況下,仍然可以使用完成式:
- “My uncle comes in from Iran tonight.”
“How long has it been since you last saw him?”
“我叔叔今晚從伊朗回來了。”
“你們分别後有多長時間了?” - It’s been ten years since they were last here. 自從他們上次離開這兒已經有十年了
小練習:請選出正確的答案。
What was the party like?
Wonderful. It’s years _______ I enjoyed myself so much.
A. after
B. when
C. before
D. since
Since 用法3:
問:文法書上說,在含有 since子句的主要子句中或含有 since介系詞片語的句子中,只能使用完成式的形式,而不能使用一般過去式。是這樣嗎?
答:在正式英語裡,since 用法一般要求含有 since子句的主要子句或含有 since介係詞片語的句子使用完成式的形式。例如:
- They have seen each other often since they met. 他們自從相識以來經常見面。
- Since last seeing you I have been ill. 自從上次看到你我就病倒了。
但是,在非正式的美式英語裡以及在越來越多的非正式英式英語裡,人們在含有 since子句的主要子句中或含有 since片語的句子中普遍地使用一般過去式:
- I lost ten pounds since I started swimming. 我開始游泳以來减輕了十磅。
- Since leaving home, Larry wrote to his parents just once. 拉里自從雕家以來只給他父母寫過一次信。
但是,這一用法向未得到考試出題專家們的認可,参見 since 用法4。
Since 用法4:
問:有關句子:“Since 1921 the budget of the United States became the primary responsibility of the President. ”
有人告訴我這句句子的since 用法是錯的,表示要把 since改為in,但我不明白since 1921有什麽錯誤。since 1921不是一個很常見的搭配嗎?
答: since 1921這個介係詞片語本身並沒有錯誤,但是since 1921用在上面的句子裡卻是錯的,因為句子的動詞用的是過去式。在英語裡,時間副詞的選用與動詞時的選用是有一定限制的。例如,下列時間副詞可與動詞的過去式並用:
yesterday
last week
the other day
in 1921
two years ago
而下列時間副詞可與現在完成式連用since 1921(Monday, last year), so far, up to now, since I last saw you, recently等等。這就是說,在正式英語裡, since介係詞片語可與現在完成式並用,而不能與過去式並用。所以Since 1921這個結構用在上面的句子裡是錯誤的,而用在下面的句子裡就是正確的了:
- Jekyll Island has been one of Georgia’s state parks since 1954. 從一九五四年起吉基爾島就是喬治亞州的州立公園之一。
- We have lived in New York since 1980. 從一九八零年起我們就住在紐約。
Since 用法5:
問:《高中英語本第一冊》137頁有這樣一句話: It had been fifteen years since she left! 我不理解為什麼這句話的主要子句用過去完成式,而從屬子句用過去式,好像換成 :It was fifteen years since she had left! 合適些。你說對嗎?
答:《英語難題解答400則》(p.199) 已經對這個間題作了回答。但我用另一種完全不同的方法進行回答這since 用法。
A. 當 since表示從過去的一個時間點延續至說話的現在時,通常要求主要子句使用動詞的現在完成式,而要求 since從屬子句使用一般過去式:
- We’ve been friends ever since we left school. 我們畢業以來一直是朋友。
- Since I was a child I have lived in England. 我從童年時起就一值住在英國。
但是,當主要子句的動詞為be或seem時,則主要子句可以采用用動詞的一般現在式,當be與表示時間的詞語連用時,尤其如此:
- It’s a long time since I met you last. 我們已經分别很久了。
- It seems a long time since we last met. 自從我們上次見面以來似乎過了很長時了。
那麽,從屬子句的動詞時態是不是只能采用一般過去式呢?並不是樣。從屬子句中的動詞時態分兩種情況:當since從屬子句所指的是主要子句事件發生的起點時,子句通常使用一般過去式,如前面的例(1)和例(2);當since子句所指的是一直持續到現在的一段時間時,從屬子句通常使用現在完成式:
- I haven’t seen you since I’ve been back. 我回來以後一直沒有見到你。
- Since they have lived in London, they have been increasingly happy. 自從他們住到偷敦以來,他們越來越高興。
- He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 從我有病以來他一次也沒來看我。(我現在仍在病中)
如果主要子句為be+時間詞語結構,則主要句子仍然可以用一般現在式:
It’s some considerable time since I have spoken to you on these matters.
自從我和你說過這些事以來已經有不少時間了。
這樣,對於我們所since 用法討論的情況,主要子句與從屬子句的時態便有四種不同的組合(例句如上):
(a)主要子句現在完成式+從屬子句一般過去式
(b)主要子句一般現在式+從屬子句一般過去式
(c)主要子句現在完成式+從屬子句現在完成式
(d)主要子句一般現在式+從屬子句現在完成式
B. 當主要子句所表示的情境屬於過去時間,也就是說 since從屬子句所涉及的情境不是延伸到現在,而是從過去的某個時間點延伸到另一個過去的時間點時,主要子句一般采用過去完成式。但是,可以用一般過去式來代替過去完成式,當主要子句為be+時間詞語的結構時,尤其如此:
- Two weeks had passed since Martin had seen him. 馬丁看見他以後已過去兩周了。
- Since the country had achieved independence, it had revised its constitution twice。自從這個國家獨立以來,已經兩次修改了憲法。
- It was years since I had seen her. 我和她已有好幾年沒有見面了。
- Since mother died he was very lonely. 自他媽媽去世之後他一直很孤獨。
在這種情況下,since從屬子句既可以使用過去完成式,也可以使用一般過去式:
5. Since Jennie had left Martha had married. 自從珍妮雕開後,瑪莎就結婚了。
6. Since she came to me, we had been happy. 自從她來到我這裡,我們都很高興。
7. Since he knew her, she was a journalist. 從他認識她的時候起,她就是個新聞工作者。
不難看出,在這裡,有關since 用法的主要子句與子句的時態也有四種組合:
(a)主要子句過去完成式+從屬子句過去完成式(例句1,2,5)
(b)主要子句過去式+從屬子句過去完成式(例句3)
(c)主要子句過去完成式+從屬子句過去式(例句6)
(d)主要子句過去式+從屬子句過去式(例句4,7)
很容易發現,這四種組合是前四種組合的時態前移,即一般現在式前移為一般過去式,現在完成式前移為過去完成式。例如:
It is years since I saw you. 自從我上次見到你已有好幾年了。
It was years since I had seen you.
由此可以證明,高中英語課本中的句子 It had been fifteen years since she left是完全正確的。你將它改為 It had been(或was) fifteen years since she had left! 也是完全正確的since 用法。
Since 用法6:
問:They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was at least ten years since I __________ a good drink.
A. had enjoyed
B. was enjoying
C. enjoyed
D. had been enjoying
正確答案為A( had enjoyed)。但是我認為 C(enjoyed)也是正確的。
答:關於 since從屬子句的動詞的時態,相關權威英語文法書籍作了明確的說明:
“When the whole period is placed in past time, the past perfective or the simple past is used the since-clause.”
“當整個時間段位於過去時間時,since子句可使用過去完成式或過去式。”
下面是我們收集到的 since從屬子句使用動詞過去式的例句:
- Since the country(had) achieved independence, it(had) revised its constitution twice. 自從這個國家獨立以來,已經兩次修改了憲法.
- It was ages since they last paid their bills on time. 自從他們上次按時付清賬單以來,已經過了很長時間了.
上面的題目,如果選c(enjoyed),則其結構與例(2)完全相同。可見,選C是完全正確的。
(参見 since 用法2、5條中的例句)
Since 用法7(since/because):
問:“ Why did he do it?”“Since he was angry”
“他為什麼做那件事?”“因為他生氣了。”
上面句子的 since 用法是否正確?
答:上面的 since 用法不對。連接詞 since與連接詞 because都可能引導原因副詞子句,而且有時候也能夠互換:
She’s gone for a wall, (since/because) the rain has stopped.
她出去散步去了,因為雨停了。
但是,since從屬子句與 because從屬子句有一個重大的差别:since從屬子句主要用來表達聽者或讀者已知的原因,即表達已知訊息。由於 since從屬子句的這一語意特點,它就不可能成為訊息的焦點,不能回答why…?這樣的問題,也不能用在強調句型中作為被強調的成分。
- “Why do you have no electricity?” “Because there was a power failure.” “你們什麼沒有電?”“因為電源發生了故障。”
- It is because you are lazy that you lost your job. 正是因為懶惰你才失掉了工作。
由 since從屬子句常常表達聽者或讀者已知的原因,因此,在多數情況下,它位於主要子句之前,而較少位於主要子句之後。
- Since sharks are heavier than water, they must swim continuously or they will sink to the bottom. 由於鯊魚比水重,所以它們必須連續不斷地游,才能不沉入海底。
- Since you know Latin, you should be able to translate the inscription. 既然你懂得拉丁文,你就應該能夠翻譯這個碑文。
- Since the rain has stopped, she’s gone for a walk. 由於雨停了,她出去散步去了。
簡單來説,since 用法 與 because的區别有點像中文“由於”和“因為”的區别。
Since 用法8(since/because of):
問:Since their high vitamin and low calorie content, mushrooms are included in certain diets.
老師說上述英文句子内since 用法有問題,但我看不出上題有什麽錯誤。
答:由於 since用作連接詞時可表示原因,所以許多人便誤以為它用作介係詞時也能表示“原因”。其實,since用作介係詞時只能作“自從”解,而不能作“因為”、“由於”解,著名的英文考試機構TOEFL多年來都出這類題目,說明產生這種誤解的人是很多的。
- __________ advantageous geographical location, Jersey City became commercially important early in its history (A. Because of its; B. That its; C. Its; D. Since its)
- _________ irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued. (A. Its; B. Where its; C. Since its; D. Because of its)
- ___________ hardiness, daylilies can be cultivated particularly easily. (A. Their; B. Since their; C. It is their; D. Because of their)
Since 用法9(since he was in the army):
問:(1) Since he has been in the army, he has been in much better health. (2) Since he joined the army, he has been in much better health. (3) Since he was in the army, he has been in much better health.
問題1:這三個句子的意義有什麽區别?
間題2:句(3) since子句是否指“自他離開開軍隊以後”?
答:這三個句子的基本意義是相同的。但暗含的意義卻是不相同的。句(1)中的since從屬子句隱含著“他現在仍在軍隊裡”,句(2)中 since從屬子句無此含義(可能現在他仍在軍隊裡,也可能現在不在軍隊裡),句(3)則明確地表明他已不在軍隊裡。
現在來回答第二個問題 since he was in the army並不是指它所表達的一段時間(在軍隊裡)的結束點,而是指它所表達的一段時間的起點(從軍)。這個子句仍應譯為:“自他從軍以來”。之所以作這種理解完全是根據句意來確定的。請比較:Since I was a child I have lived in England.(從孩童時起,我就住在英國。)但是,有時候,since子句則是表was(were)所表達的一段時間的結束點。請比較:
- It’s been ten years since they were last here. 自從他們上次雕開這裡已經過了十年了。
- I haven’t seen him since we were at school together. 自從我們離開學校不在一起以來,我一直沒有看到過他。
- It has been about forty years since a person could turn in paper money and get gold for it. 大約已有四十年人們不再能在銀行裡用紙幣換黄金了。
(参見 since 用法10,11)
Since 用法10(since they lived in New York):
問:英文句子“My daughter has written to them frequently since they lived in New York.”被翻譯為:“自從他們離開紐約以來,我的女兒經常给他們寫信。”
“我女兒經常寫信”的時間長度究竟從什麼時候開始算起?是從他們在紐約居住的開始點(假定是1980年)算起呢?還是從他們離開紐豹的時間點(假定1990年)算起呢?不同理解帶來的差别有多大!
答:關於這個問題,英語學界是有争議。為了增強說服力,我想在這裡介紹一下某著名語言學家對這個間題的論述:
Within the adjunct too it is possible to be specifying a continuous activity through the time span, as in:
(1) Since they have lived in London, they have been increasingly happy. (=‘during that time’)
Alternatively, we may refer to a period dating from a discrete event, as in:
(2) Since they went to live in London, they have been increasingly happy. (= ‘ from that point in time’)
There is thus a contrast between (1) and (3):(3) Since they lived in London, they have been increasingly happy.
This is because, while the span involved is the same, (1) defines their living in London as coterminous with that span (i.e. as still being true ‘now’, which is as far as the speaker can commit himself), but (3) makes no claim on how long they lived in London beyond the entailment that they no longer live there ‘now’:
中文意思如下:
在時倒副詞之内,時間副詞也可以指貫穿整個時間長度的延續活動,例如:
(1)Since they have lived in London, they have been increasingly happy.(=在此時間之内)
或者,可以指從一個具體動作開始算起的一段時間,例如:
(2)Since they went to live in London, they have been increasingly happy.(=從那個時間點算起)
這樣,例(1)與下面的例(3)就有了差别:
(3)Since they lived in London, they have been increasingly happy.
儘管它們所涉及的時間長度相同,但是例(1)表示他們在偷敦的居住時間是與(主要子句所表達的)時間長度是一樣的(說話者明確表示他們“現在”仍然住在偷敦),而例(3)卻沒有表明他們在倫敦住了多久,只是斷定他們“現在”不再住在偷敦了。
從上面的論述我們可以得出如下結論:
- 例(1)和例(3)的since從屬子句所涉及的時間長度是相同的,即都從“他們住進倫敦“開始算起一直延續到現在。
- 例(1)和例(3)的區别僅僅在於:例(1)表示“他們現在仍住在偷敦”,而例(3)則表示“他們現在不再住在偷敦了。”
據此,我有理由說:上述題目句子的譯文是背離原意的。
Since 用法11(since you were sure):
問:Try to decide how long it has been since you were sure of your position. 這是《英語閱讀叢書》第一冊上的一句話。我覺得 since you were sure of your position. (自從你確知你的位置以來,在你確定你的位置以後)似乎與句意不符。
答:這種用法對於學習英語的中國人來說,似乎有點難於理解。但是,如能抓住since 用法的特點,還是可以掌握的。
當 since從屬子句的動詞為was(were)時,由於be是個持續性動詞,與它所連接的常常是一段時間,而不是一個時間點。但是,如大家所知道的,since從屬子句有時候是用來表示主要子句動作的起點的(from that point of time)。那麼主要子句動作的起點是從 since從屬子句所表達的一段時間開始點算起呢?還是從該段畤間的結束點(終點)算起呢?這就給我們的理解和翻譯帶來了困難。請參考下面的例句:
- I have lived here since I was a child.
- Since he was in the army, he has been in much better health.
- I haven’t seen him since we were boys together.
- It’s been ten years since they were last here.
- We had not met since we had been at college together.
看來,我們只能根據句意來加以判斷since 用法。句(1)和句(2)顯然是從 since從屬子句的開始點算起的。因此應分别譯為:
- 我從還是個孩子的時候趄就一直住在這裡。
- 他從軍後身體健康多了。
但是句(3)(4)(5)卻是從 since從屬子句所表達的一段時間的結束點算起,因此應譯為:
3. 自從我們孩童時分開以來我一直沒有見到他。
4. 自從他們上次離開這兒已經過了十年了
5. 我們自從大學畢業後再沒見過面。
你所提間的《英語閱讀叢書》上的句子與句(3)很相似:主要子句的動作起點應當從since從屬子句所表達的一段時間的結束點算起。應譯為:
儘量判定出在你不能確定自己位置以後過了多長時間。
(参見 since 用法9)
Since 用法12(ever since):
問:He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with motorists.
世界書出版公司出版的《輔導材料》說:“ever since比單用 since語氣強。”不知這類“語氣強”究竟是指什麼。
答:ever是個強化語,放在 since之前是用來表達說話者強調主要子句動作或狀態持續時間很長的口氣的。如果要表達主要子句的動作或狀態的持續時間之短’就不能使用ever。請比較:
- You have been reading to me ever since James went out. 自從詹姆斯走後你就一直在給我朗讀。
- It is just a week since we arrived. 我們來了才一個星期。
請再看一些since 用法的實例:
- I’ve been wanting to get a better understanding of your family affairs ever since I left. 自從我離開後我就一直想更好地瞭解你們家裡的事兒。
- The big clock which used to strike the hours day and night was damaged during the war and has been silent ever since. 這只一向日夜不停打點報時的大鐘在戰争中損壞了,從此之後就不響了。
Since 用法13(since…I can’t):
問:按照有關since 用法的文法規則,在含有 since從屬子句的主要子句中要使用完成式的形式。如果主要子句中有助動詞時該怎麽辦?
答:含有 since子句的主要子句中含有助動詞時,可以使用非完成式的形式:
- (Ever) since my teeth were pulled out I can’t eat anything solid. 自從我拔了牙以後就不能吃固體食物。
- I have to use crutches (ever) since I had a car accident. 自從我出了車禍後,我就得用拐杖了。
- They won’t smoke (ever) since they saw a film on lung cancer. 他們看了一部有關肺癌的影片後就堅決不再吸煙了。
- He can’t get about much since he had that accident. 他在那次事故後就不能多走動了。
(参見 since 用法1)